CYBERSECURITY THREATS CHALLENGES AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT IN CONNECTED AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: A REVIEW
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Abstract
Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) have become one of the most significant innovations in the current transportation industry, combining artificial intelligence, the latest sensor technologies, and real-time communication platforms to make roads safer, more efficient, and comfortable to drive. These cars are driven by perception, planning, and control systems with the help of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication that supports a smooth interaction with the rest of the vehicles, infrastructure, and the cloud. Nevertheless, with the increasing interconnection of CAVs, they experience increasing cybersecurity threats that compromise their reliability and safety. This paper presents the overall description of CAV systems architecture, major components, and communication technologies, as well as discusses the major threats to security, such as network-based attacks (DoS, spoofing, replay), vehicle-based attacks (ECU tampering, sensor manipulation), and infrastructure vulnerabilities. It also discusses hardware and sensor weaknesses which may undermine autonomous decision-making. The paper highlights the high demand for multi-layered security frameworks that are robust and use AI-driven intrusion detection, blockchain-based data integrity, and hardened cryptographic solutions. Finally, safe, reliable and smart deployment of CAVs takes a set of technological advancements, regulatory standardization and sustained security improvement to create trust in the community and allow the gradual development of autonomous mobility
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